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Светлая сторона крипты
Ветры зимы в криптосфере
Почему биткоин застрял на месте, пока фондовый рынок бьет рекорды
Mining
Mining
The process of using computational resources to participate in blockchain operations and earn rewards.
Miner
A device or software participant that uses computational resources to mine cryptocurrency.
Proof-of-Work
A consensus mechanism based on performing computational work to create new blocks.
Solo Mining
Independent mining without combining computational resources with other participants.
Pooled Mining
Collaborative mining in which multiple participants combine computational power for more regular payouts.
Merge Mining
A technology that uses the same computational work to mine multiple compatible blockchains.
Dual Mining
A mode of simultaneously mining two cryptocurrencies with a single computing device.
Mining Software
Software that configures and performs mining on computing hardware.
Mining Client
Software that enables a computing device to interact with a network or mining pool.
Mining Protocol
Rules for exchanging tasks and work results between a miner and other participants in the mining process.
Block Reward
The total income associated with adding a new block to the blockchain.
Block Subsidy
The portion of the block reward determined by protocol rules and typically associated with the issuance of new coins.
Coinbase Transaction
A special transaction created when a block is formed to receive the reward specified by the protocol.
Mining Equipment
ASIC
A specialized chip designed to perform computations for a specific algorithm.
ASIC Miner
A ready-to-use mining device based on specialized ASIC chips.
FPGA Miner
A mining device based on a programmable FPGA logic array.
CPU Miner
Mining hardware or software that uses a central processing unit for computation.
GPU Rig
A mining setup that combines multiple graphics processors.
Mining Hardware
A collection of hardware used to perform mining computations.
Hashboard
The computing board of an ASIC miner that contains specialized chips.
Control Board
A controller that manages the computing and supporting components of a miner.
Riser
An adapter for connecting a graphics card to a motherboard remotely.
Equipment Specifications
Chip Generation
The technological and architectural generation of computing chips used in equipment.
Hashrate
The number of hash function calculations that equipment can perform per unit of time.
Power Consumption
The amount of electrical power consumed by mining equipment during operation.
Power Efficiency
The ratio between the computational performance of equipment and the electrical power it consumes.
Power Limit
A restriction on the maximum electrical power available to equipment during operation.
Operating Temperature
The temperature range within which equipment is designed to operate reliably.
Chip Temperature
The temperature of a computing chip while mining equipment is operating.
Chip Count
The number of computing chips installed in mining equipment.
Memory Capacity
The amount of memory available to a computing device for storing data during operation.
Memory Bandwidth
The amount of data that memory can transfer per unit of time.
Clock Frequency
The frequency of clock cycles performed by a computing component, representing one of the factors that determine its performance.
Uptime
A measure of the time during which mining equipment operates continuously and remains available.
Overclocking
Increasing the operating frequencies of computing equipment above standard values.
Underclocking
Reducing the operating frequency of computing equipment below its standard operating mode.
Undervolting
Reducing the supply voltage of computing components to optimize power consumption and heat generation.
Thermal Throttling
Automatic reduction of a computing component’s performance due to high temperature.
Hardware Error
An error associated with incorrect operation of computing equipment while performing computations.
Mining Pools
Mining Pool
Infrastructure for combining miners, distributing computational work, and calculating payouts.
Pool Mining
A collaborative mining model based on combining the computing resources of multiple participants.
Pool Worker
A logical mining unit used by a pool to track computational work separately.
Share
An intermediate computational result used by a pool to measure a miner’s work.
Valid Share
A correct share accepted by the pool and credited as completed work.
Stale Share
A share associated with a mining job that is no longer current.
Invalid Share
An incorrect share that the pool does not accept as completed work.
Rejected Share
A share that the pool does not accept for further accounting.
Share Difficulty
The difficulty level used by a pool to regularly track a miner’s computational work.
Pool Fee
A fee deducted by the pool from a miner’s calculated reward.
Payout Threshold
The minimum accumulated balance required before a payout is processed.
Payout Scheme
Rules for calculating and distributing rewards among mining-pool participants.
Pay Per Share
A payout scheme where rewards are calculated for each accepted share.
PPLNS
A payout scheme based on a miner’s contribution within a defined window of recent shares.
FPPLNS
A PPLNS variant using a fixed calculation window or rule for credited shares.
Solo Pool
A pool mode where the reward for a found block is attributed to the participant that finds it.
Stratum
A communication protocol used by miners to interact with mining-pool infrastructure.
Stratum V1
The first widely adopted version of the Stratum protocol for pool mining.
Stratum V2
A newer generation of Stratum designed for more efficient and secure mining communication.
VarDiff
A mechanism that dynamically adjusts share difficulty to a miner’s hashrate.
Cooling
Air Cooling
A cooling method that removes heat from mining equipment through moving air.
Immersion Cooling
A cooling method that submerges equipment in electrically non-conductive dielectric fluid.
Hydro Cooling
An engineered liquid cooling system that circulates coolant to remove heat from mining equipment.
Direct-to-Chip Cooling
A cooling architecture that transfers heat directly from computing chips into a liquid cooling system.
Dielectric Fluid
An electrically non-conductive fluid used to transfer heat in specialized cooling systems.
Coolant
A working fluid or medium that transports thermal energy inside a cooling system.
Cooling Loop
A circulation path that moves coolant between heat sources and heat rejection equipment.
Cooling Capacity
The amount of heat a cooling system can continuously remove under defined conditions.
Heat Dissipation
The process of removing thermal energy generated by mining equipment.
Thermal Load
The amount of thermal energy that must be continuously removed from operating equipment.
Thermal Paste
A paste-like thermal interface material used to improve heat transfer from a chip to a heatsink.
Thermal Pad
An elastic thermal interface material used to transfer heat across a physical gap.
Delta T
The temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of a cooling system or component.
Mining Infrastructure
Mining Farm
A coordinated group of mining hardware and infrastructure operating as a single mining site.
Data Center
An engineered facility designed for reliable operation of computing and network equipment.
Mining Container
A specialized container module for housing and operating cryptocurrency mining equipment.
Mining Hosting
A service model in which mining hardware is operated at a specialized third-party facility.
Three-Phase Power
A three-phase electrical supply system commonly used for distributing large industrial loads.
Remote Management
Remote monitoring, configuration, and control of mining hardware and infrastructure.
Mining Economics
Mining Revenue
The total value generated by mining before applicable expenses are deducted.
Mining Expenses
The costs required to operate and maintain a mining operation.
Mining Cost
The costs associated with producing mining output.
CAPEX
Short for Capital Expenditure, meaning capital investment in long-term assets.
OPEX
Short for Operating Expenditure, meaning recurring operating expenses.
Return on Investment
A measure of financial return relative to the capital invested.
Depreciation
The allocation of a long-term asset cost over its useful period.
Equipment Depreciation
Allocation of mining equipment cost over its useful operating period.
Mining Profitability
A measure of the economic efficiency of a mining operation.
Cost per Hash
Mining cost normalized by a unit of computational power.
Mining Tax
Tax obligations associated with mining and the receipt or disposal of crypto assets.
Tax Deduction
A legally permitted reduction of taxable income or tax liability.
Tax Base
The amount or measure used as the basis for calculating a tax.
Tax Rate
The percentage or other rate applied to a defined tax base.
Blockchain
Blockchain
A distributed ledger built from a sequence of cryptographically linked blocks.
Block
A blockchain data unit containing transactions and chain metadata.
Genesis Block
The first block of a blockchain and the starting point of its history.
Block Header
The metadata portion of a block used for identification and validation.
Block Height
A number identifying the position of a block in the chain.
Block Time
A time-based measure describing block production or a block timestamp.
Block Size
The amount of data contained in an individual blockchain block.
Block Weight
A protocol-specific metric used to determine the effective size of a block.
Transaction
A signed operation that changes blockchain state according to network rules.
Transaction Input
A reference to a previous unspent output used by a new transaction.
Transaction Output
A UTXO transaction element that creates funds for future spending.
Transaction Fee
A fee associated with processing and including a transaction in the blockchain.
Mempool
A collection of pending transactions waiting for block inclusion.
Fork
A protocol-rule change or divergence between blockchain histories.
Soft Fork
A blockchain rule change that introduces stricter validity requirements.
Hard Fork
A protocol change that introduces rules incompatible with the previous rule set.
Orphan Block
A block that has been excluded from the currently accepted chain.
Stale Block
A valid competing block that remains outside the current main chain.
Chain Reorganization
A replacement of part of the current chain with an alternative accepted history.
Blockchain Node
A network participant that performs blockchain data, validation, or communication functions.
Full Node
A node capable of independently validating blockchain data against protocol rules.
Light Node
A node designed to operate with reduced storage and processing requirements.
Consensus
The process of reaching agreement on valid blockchain state and history.
Consensus Mechanism
A set of rules defining how a network selects and validates blocks.
Smart Contract
A blockchain program that executes predefined logic and manages on-chain state.
Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency
A digital asset based on cryptography and distributed network technology.
Coin
The native digital asset of its own blockchain network.
Token
A digital asset issued using an existing blockchain infrastructure.
Native Coin
The primary asset built directly into a blockchain protocol.
Altcoin
A cryptoasset generally considered an alternative to Bitcoin.
Stablecoin
A cryptoasset designed to maintain relatively stable value against a chosen reference.
Utility Token
A token primarily designed for use within a product, protocol, or ecosystem.
Governance Token
A token used to participate in the governance of a protocol or decentralized application.
Wrapped Token
A tokenized representation of another asset in a compatible blockchain environment.
Tokenomics
The economic model governing the issuance, distribution, and use of a cryptoasset.
Total Supply
The total number of cryptoasset units that exist under its defined supply rules.
Max Supply
The maximum number of asset units that can exist under defined rules.
Circulating Supply
The amount of cryptoasset units considered to be circulating and available to the market.
Emission
The process of creating and issuing new cryptoasset units.
Inflation
An increase in the supply of a cryptoasset relative to the existing supply.
Deflation
A reduction in the total supply of a cryptoasset relative to a previous period.
Token Burn
A mechanism for permanently or conditionally removing tokens from circulation.
Halving
A scheduled reduction in the block reward in certain blockchain networks.
Cryptoasset
A broad term for digital assets using cryptographic and blockchain-related technology.
Market Capitalization
A calculated measure of an asset’s value based on price and circulating supply.
Fully Diluted Valuation
A calculated asset value based on its full potential supply.
Crypto Trading
Crypto Trading
Trading cryptoassets using exchange and market mechanisms.
Spot Trading
Trading an asset with direct purchase or sale of the underlying cryptoasset.
Margin Trading
Trading with borrowed funds supported by collateral.
Futures Trading
Trading futures contracts whose value is linked to an underlying asset.
Derivatives
Financial instruments whose value or settlement depends on an underlying asset or reference.
Perpetual Futures
Futures-like contracts without a fixed expiration date.
Leverage
A mechanism that increases position exposure using borrowed capital or margin.
Margin
Funds used as collateral for a leveraged or derivative trading position.
Initial Margin
The minimum collateral required to open a trading position.
Maintenance Margin
The minimum collateral level required to maintain an open position.
Liquidation
Forced closure of a trading position because available collateral is insufficient.
Liquidation Price
The calculated price level at which a position becomes subject to forced closure.
Long Position
A position designed to benefit from an increase in the underlying asset price.
Short Position
A position designed to benefit from a decline in the underlying asset price.
Market Order
An order designed to execute immediately against available market prices.
Limit Order
An order to buy or sell at a specified price or a more favorable price.
Stop Order
A conditional order activated after the market reaches a specified price level.
Stop-Loss
An order designed to automatically exit a position after an adverse price move.
Take-Profit
An order designed to automatically close a position at a target price level.
Spread
The difference between the best available buy and sell prices.
Slippage
The difference between an expected and actual order execution price.
Market Depth
The volume of available buy and sell orders at different price levels.
Order Book
A list of active buy and sell orders on a trading venue.
Bid
The price buyers are willing to pay for an asset.
Ask
The price sellers are willing to accept for an asset.
Trading Volume
The amount or value of assets traded during a specified period.
Volatility
The degree and speed of price variation over a given period.
Funding Rate
A periodic financing rate exchanged between participants in perpetual futures markets.
Open Interest
The amount of open derivative contracts that have not yet been closed or settled.
Crypto Exchanges
Matching Engine
The software system that matches exchange orders.
Crypto Exchange
A platform for trading and exchanging crypto assets.
Centralized Exchange
An exchange operated and managed by a central organization.
Decentralized Exchange
A blockchain-based exchange using smart contracts.
Exchange Account
A user account on a cryptocurrency exchange.
Exchange Wallet
A wallet infrastructure used by a crypto exchange.
Deposit
Adding funds to a cryptocurrency exchange.
Deposit Address
An address used to send cryptocurrency to an exchange.
Trading Fee
The fee charged for executing a trading operation.
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Maker
A participant who adds liquidity to the order book.
Taker
A participant who removes liquidity from the order book.
Order Matching
The process of matching buyers with sellers.
KYC
Customer identification and identity verification.
AML
Controls designed to prevent money laundering.
Proof of Reserves
A method for demonstrating exchange asset reserves.
Exchange Liquidity
The ability to execute trades with limited price impact.
Crypto Wallets
Crypto Wallet
A tool for managing crypto assets and keys.
Hot Wallet
A wallet connected to an online environment.
Cold Wallet
A wallet designed to keep keys away from online environments.
Hardware Wallet
A physical device for protecting cryptographic keys.
Software Wallet
An application for managing crypto assets and keys.
Custodial Wallet
A wallet where a third party controls the keys.
Non-Custodial Wallet
A wallet where the user controls the keys.
Self-Custody
Direct personal control over cryptocurrency keys.
Private Key
A secret key used to control crypto assets.
Public Key
An open cryptographic key used to verify signatures.
Seed Phrase
A recovery phrase used to restore a crypto wallet.
Mnemonic Phrase
A human-readable representation of wallet key material.
Wallet Address
An identifier used to receive crypto assets.
Change Address
An address used to receive transaction change.
HD Wallet
A hierarchical deterministic cryptocurrency wallet.
Derivation Path
The path used to derive keys and addresses in an HD wallet.
Multisig
A wallet requiring multiple keys to approve transactions.
Transaction Signing
Cryptographic authorization of a blockchain transaction.
DeFi
DeFi
Decentralized finance on blockchain
Decentralized Finance
Financial services without traditional intermediaries
dApp
Decentralized blockchain application
Liquidity Pool
On-chain reserve used by DeFi protocols
Liquidity Provider
Participant providing liquidity to a protocol
Automated Market Maker
Algorithmic liquidity and price discovery
Yield Farming
Strategies for generating DeFi yield
Liquidity Mining
Rewards for supplying protocol liquidity
Lending Protocol
Protocol for decentralized lending and borrowing
Borrowing
Borrowing assets through DeFi protocols
Collateral
Asset securing a DeFi obligation
Collateralization Ratio
Ratio of collateral value to debt value
Liquidation Threshold
Risk level at which a position can be liquidated
Decentralized Lending
Blockchain-based lending without traditional intermediaries
Flash Loan
Atomic loan without traditional collateral
Oracle
External data infrastructure for smart contracts
Price Oracle
Market-price source for DeFi protocols
Total Value Locked
Value of assets deposited in DeFi
Impermanent Loss
Relative loss caused by asset-price changes
Swap
Exchange of one cryptoasset for another
Slippage Tolerance
Maximum acceptable price deviation
DAO
Decentralized governance model
Staking
Staking
Participating in Proof-of-Stake with crypto assets
Proof-of-Stake
Consensus secured through economically committed stake
Validator
A network participant responsible for consensus operations
Delegator
A stake owner participating through delegation
Delegation
Participating in PoS through a selected validator
Validator Node
Infrastructure used to operate a blockchain validator
Staking Reward
Rewards earned for participating in Proof-of-Stake
Staking Yield
Return generated by staking a crypto asset
Staking APR
Annual staking rate without compounding
Staking APY
Annual staking yield with assumed compounding
Unbonding Period
The withdrawal period after leaving staking
Bonding Period
The period required to enter staking
Lock-Up Period
A mandatory period during which assets remain locked
Slashing
An economic penalty for violating PoS rules
Validator Commission
A fee taken from staking rewards by the validator
Minimum Stake
The minimum amount required for staking participation
Liquid Staking
Staking with a transferable derivative position
Liquid Staking Token
A liquid derivative linked to a staked asset
Restaking
Reusing stake to secure additional protocols
Delegated Proof-of-Stake
A PoS model based on delegated voting power
Security
Crypto Security
Protecting crypto assets, wallets, and blockchain systems
51% Attack
Majority control over a blockchain consensus resource
Double-Spending
Attempting to spend the same funds twice
Sybil Attack
Creating many fake participants in a network
Eclipse Attack
Isolating a node from the honest network
Replay Attack
Reusing previously valid signed data
Man-in-the-Middle
Intercepting and modifying communications
Phishing
Fake websites and messages designed to steal data
Social Engineering
Manipulating users instead of directly breaking systems
Private-Key Security
Protecting the key that controls crypto assets
Seed-Phrase Security
Protecting the master recovery secret of a wallet
Encryption
Protecting data from unauthorized reading
Hash Function
Converting data into a fixed-size fingerprint
Cryptographic Hash
A digital fingerprint for cryptographic applications
Digital Signature
Cryptographic proof of authorization and integrity
Zero-Knowledge Proof
Proving knowledge without revealing the secret
Cryptojacking
Unauthorized use of computing resources for mining
Smart Contract Audit
Reviewing smart-contract code for vulnerabilities
Popular models
Brands
Fluminer
ElphaPex
Ebang
Canaan
Todek
Bitdeer
iPollo
Baikal
StrongU
VolcMiner
MicroBT
Lucky Miner
Jasminer
Auradine
Innosilicon
IceRiver
Hummer Miner
Holic
Heatbit
Goldshell
FusionSilicon
Bitaxe
Bitfily
Digital Shovel
Dayun
Bolon Miner
Braiins
BW
Halong Mining
Bitfury
Spondoolies
PinIdea
Pantech
Obelisk
DragonBall Miner
FFMiner
ForestMiner
GMO miner